Structure and written expression
1.
STRUCTURE
Structure is the
basic material in learning English, and it is always used and must belearned by
students. Structure is very important. Without structure, meaning nuances can
loseor cannot be submitted. It is difficult to create a text, and learning
structure is very importantfor language learners. It makes students know how to
produce good sentences and to expressideas and feelings. Grammar is important
and learners seem to focus best on the grammar whenit relates to their
comunicative needs and experiences
STRUCTURE STRATEGIES:
A. Be familiar with the directions. It is not necessary to spend the time
reading the directions carefully when you take the test because the directions
on every paper TOEFL test are the same. You should be completely familiar with
the directions before the day of the test.
B. Begin with questions 1 through 15. Anticipate that questions 1-5 will be the
easiest. Anticipate that questions 11-15 will be the most difficult. Do not
spend too much time on questions 11-15. There will be easier questions that
come later.
C. Continue with questions 16-40. Anticipate that questions 16-20 will be
the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36-40
will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 36-40.
D. If you have time, return to questions
11-15. You should spend
extra time on questions 11-15 only after you spend all the time that you want
on the easier questions thjat follow.
E. Guess to complete the section before time
is up. There is no
penalty for guessing, so it can only increase your score to guess the answers
to questions that you do not have time to complete.
2.
WRITTEN EXPRESSION
STRATEGIES:
A. First, look at the underlined words or
groups of words. You want
to see if you can spet which of the four answer choices is not correct.
B. If you have been unable to find the error
by looking only at the four underlined exppressions, then read the complete
sentence. Often an
underlined expression is incorrect because of something in another part of the
sentence.
Example
Questions (Structure and Written Expression)
1. BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT
AND A VERB
______was backed up for miles on the free way.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic √
(D) Cars
2. BE CAREFUL OF SUBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
With his
friend_____found the movie theater.
(A) has
(B) he √
(C) later
(D) when
3. BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES
______, George, is attending the lecture.
(A) Right now
(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend √
4. BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES
The
packages_____mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.
(A) have
(B) were
(C) them
(D) just √
5. A power failure occured, _____ the lamps
went out.
(A) then
(B) so √
(C) later
(D) next
6.
During the early period of ocean navigation, ________ any
need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.
(A). so that hardly
(B). where there hardly was
(C). hardly was
(D). there was hardly √
The sentence should read, "During the early period
of ocean navigation, there was hardly any need for sophisticated instruments
and techniques." Therefore, you should choose answer D.
7.
Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes _______
they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth's surface.
(A). due to
(B). because √
(C). in spite of
(D). regardless of
The sentence should read, "Geysers have often been
compared to volcanoes because they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth's
surface." Therefore, you should choose answer B.
8.
Engineers____ for work on the new space program.
(A) necessary
(B) are needed √
(C) hopefully
(D) next month
In this example you should notice immediately that the
sentence has a subject (engineers), and that there is no verb. Because answer
(B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D)
are not verbs, so they are not correct.
9.
____ was backed up for
miles on the freeway.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic √
(D) Cars
In this example you should
notice immediately that there is a verb (was), but there is no subject. Answer
(C) is the best answer because it is a singular subject that agrees with the
singular verb was. Answer (A), yesterday, and answer (B), in the morning, are
not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D), cars, could be a
subject, it is not correct because cars is plural and it does not agree with
the singular verb was.
10. The boy _____ going to the movies with a friend.
(A) he is
(B) he always was
(C) is relaxing
(D) will be √
This sentence has a
subject (boy) and has part of a verb (going); to be correct, some form of the
verb be is needed to make the sentence complete. Answers (A) and (B) are
incor-rect because the sentence already has a subject (boy) and does not need
the extra subject he. Answer (C) is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb
part that is unnecessary be-cause of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will
be together with going is a complete verb.
ERROR ANALYSIS
1. Even
though he was exhausted, John wrote to his parents a letter explaining the
situation.
A
B C
D
Answer : (B) the
best answer “Wrote his parents a letter”
2. The Tyrrels had such warm welcome from their family that they were overwhelmed and
A B
could not speak for a few minutes.
2. The Tyrrels had such warm welcome from their family that they were overwhelmed and
A B
could not speak for a few minutes.
C D
Answer : (A), the best
answer “Such a warm welcome”
3. The article suggests that when a person is under unusual stress you should
A B
be especially careful to eat a well- balanced diet.
C D
Answer : (B), the best answer “he or she should be”
4. Economics, with their widespread range of practical application,
A B
is of great interest to government leaders throughout the world.
C D
Answer : (B), the best answer “with its widespread”
5. Kathy was definitely a faster swimmer than anyone on her on her team
A B C
and appeared headed for the state championship.
D
Answer : (C), the best answer “anyone else”
6. The stage production that we saw in New York was very much as the one
A B C
we had previously seen in London
D
Answer : (C), the best answer “much like the one”
3. The article suggests that when a person is under unusual stress you should
A B
be especially careful to eat a well- balanced diet.
C D
Answer : (B), the best answer “he or she should be”
4. Economics, with their widespread range of practical application,
A B
is of great interest to government leaders throughout the world.
C D
Answer : (B), the best answer “with its widespread”
5. Kathy was definitely a faster swimmer than anyone on her on her team
A B C
and appeared headed for the state championship.
D
Answer : (C), the best answer “anyone else”
6. The stage production that we saw in New York was very much as the one
A B C
we had previously seen in London
D
Answer : (C), the best answer “much like the one”
7. Did you hear many news about the political situation while you were in that country?
A B C D
Answer : (A) much news
8. Both John, Bob and Tom are outstanding golfers and reasonably good tennis players.
A B C D
Answer : (A), the best answer “John, Bob, and Tom”
9. His speech was a careful worded attempt to evade his responsibility in the matter.
A B C D
Answer : (A), the best answer “carefully worded”
10. The children were surprised when the teacher had them to close their books unexpectedly.
A B C D
Answer : (C), the best answer “had them close”
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